Someone gives something to a person who is not a member of the giver’s in group but whose status is about equal to that of the giver.

Someone gives some action as a favour to a person who is not a member of the giver’s in group but whose status is about equal of the giver.

The space between two temporal or physical points.

The degree of something is not great.

An inanimate thing exists.

Something has been done to something and the resultant state of that action remains.

Some state or action takes place at a time (not always immediately) after another state or action has taken place.

A conjunction which indicates that the preceding clause expresses a conditional.

A particle which indicates that something is the only thing or state which exists, or the action someone will take, takes, is taking or took.

A phrase which expresses the speaker’s regret.

A sentence final particle which indicates an interrogative word question in informal male speech.

A particle which expresses a limit imposed upon something that is growing and expanding.

Not only X but also Y, where X and Y can be either a noun, a verb, or an adjective.

An auxiliary indicating the speaker’s conjecture which is not based on any particular information or evidence.

Something that has been latent is realised.

A particle which indicates location, except for location of existence.

A particle which indicates the use of something for doing something.

A particle (apparently derived from the て form of です) that indicates a weak causal relationship.

A particle which indicates the time when something terminates or the amount of time a period of activity has taken.

The て form of です plus も ‘even’.

An interrogative adverb which asks about the state of someone/something or the way of doing something.

A particle that indicates the direction toward which some directional movement or action proceeds.

A particle which indicates the subject.

A disjunctive coordinate conjunction that combines two sentences.

An auxiliary verb attached to a psychological/physiological adjective meaning a person other than the speaker shows signs of ~

Approximately (with a specific point of time).

Something takes place regularly in succession after a certain temporal or spatial interval.

Someone/something begins to do something or begins to be in some state.

A dependant noun which expresses the speaker’s expectation that something will take place or took place or that someone/something is or was in some state.

A particle which indicates an extent or a degree to which someone/something does something or is in some state.

It is strongly suggested that someone do something.

Comparing two entities, one is in some state or does something more than the other.

Something is desired by the speaker.

Want someone (who is not higher in status than the speaker) to do something.

A superlative marker.

Someone or something moves in a direction away from the speaker or the speaker’s viewpoint.

Some action or state keeps changing from the point in time at which the speaker first describes the action.

An animate thing exists.

Someone or something is doing something he or it started some time ago, or is in a state created by an action he or it took some time ago.

Someone, something needs something

A reflexive pronoun that refers (back) to a human subject with whom the speaker is empathising.

A reflexive pronoun that refers (back) to a human subject, the referent of which is contrasted with someone else.

A particle which marks an alternative.

A sentence final particle which indicates that the preceding sentence is interrogative.

A marker for an embedded yes-no question.

A sentence final particle which marks yes-no questions in informal male speech.

Can't tell if ~

A particle which indicates a starting point or a source.

After/since a point in time at which something takes place.

A subordinate conjunction which expresses a reason or a cause.

A sentence final particle which expresses the idea that the female speaker wonders about something.

A noun forming suffix that indicates a way or a manner in which one does something.

Something (including an action) replaces something else.

A disjunctive subordinate conjunction that combines two sentences.

Something is passively and spontaneously audiable.

Something or someone is what someone does not like.

A thing which is intangible.

A nominaliser used to indicate the speaker’s relative lack of empathy with the content of the sentence he is nominalising.

There was a time when ~

There are times when ~.

Doing something is possible

An event takes place as if spontaneously, irrespective of the speaker's volition.

A volitional decision to do something is made.

Speaking of proposition X, X is certainly true.

An auxiliary verb which indicates a polite request.

A suffix attached to the first or last name of a male equal or to the first or last name of a person whose status or rank is lower than the speaker’s.

Approximate quantity or extent.

Someone whose status is not higher than the speaker’s gives something to the first person or to someone with whom the speaker empathises.

Someone does something as a favour to the first person or to someone with whom the speaker empathises.

Someone or something moves in a direction towards the speaker or the speaker’s viewpoint or area of empathy.

An auxiliary verb which indicates the beginning of some process or continuation of some action up to a current point of time.

Someone or something is in some state he or it was in some time ago.

A particle to indicate a spatial, temporal or quantitative limit or an unexpected animate/inanimate object.

A particle that indicates a time limit on/for an action.

In front of or before some situation comes about.

A prefix which means ‘every (unit of time)’.

An already given situation or condition remains unaltered.

A verb ending which indicates the first person’s volition or invitation in formal speech.

Someone or something is passively/spontaneously visible.

Do something to see what it’s like or what will happen.

A particle which indicates that a proposition about the preceeding element X is also true when another similar proposition is true.

A marker which indicates emphasis.

Someone or something is no longer in the same state that he or it was in some time ago.

The repeated use of a particle meaning ‘also’ to list elements belonging to the same part of speech.

The speaker presents some situation as if it were a tangible object.

The first person or someone the speaker empathises with receives something from someone whose status is not as high as the receiver’s.

The first person or someone the speaker empathizes with receives some benefit from an action by someone whose status is not as high as the receiver’s.

A negative imperative marker used by a male speaker in very informal speech

A marker that indicates exemplification.

A conjunction which indicates that the action expressed by the preceding verb takes place concurrently or simultaneously with the action expressed in the main clause.

A negative て form of a verb.

It won’t do if someone does not take some action or if someone or something is not in some state.

It has reached the point where some state or action does not take place anymore.

A て form of the negative ない, which indicates a cause/reason for a state or action.

A conjunction which indicates that the preceding sentence is the speaker’s supposition about the truth of a present or past fact or the actualisation of something in the future.

A polite imperative used by superiors such as parents or teachers to their inferiors (=people of younger age and lower rank)

A sentence final particle that indicates the speaker’s request for confirmation or agreement from the hearer about some shared knowledge.

A particle that indicates a point of time at which something takes place.

An indirect object marker.

A particle that indicates an agent or a source in passive, causative, もらう/てまらう and other receiving constructions.

A particle that indicates the surface of something upon which some action directly takes place.

A particle which indicates purpose when someone moves from one place to another.

A particle which indicates the location where someone or something exists.

A particle which indicates a place toward which someone or something moves.

The speaker is convinced that there is no mistake on his part in guessing something.

Something or someone is hard to ~.

A phrase that indicates a generally agreed upon standard (the entire sentence that includes this phrase expresses some deviation from that standard.)

Someone has decided on something.

A particle which, with a preceding noun phrase, forms a phrase to modify a following noun phrase.

A dependent indefinite pronoun.

A nominaliser which is used when the nominalised sentence expresses a directly perceptible event.

A sentence-final particle used by a female or a child to indicate an explanation or emotive emphasis.

A sentence ending which indicates that the speaker is explaining or asking for an explanation about some information shared with the hearer, or is talking about something emotively, as if it were of common interest to the speaker and the hearer.

A subordinate conjunction which expresses a reason or a cause.

Contrary to everybody’s expectation based on the sentence preceding のに, the proposition in the sentence following のに is the case.

In the process or for the purpose of doing something expressed in the の nominalised clause.

A structure that indicates new, important information by placing it between のは and the copula だ (の is an indefinite pronoun (の2) that replaces ‘time’,’person’, ‘thing’, ‘place’ or ‘reason’.)

A prefix that expresses politeness.

A particle which marks a direct object.

A particle which indicates a space in/on/across/through/along which someone or something moves.

A particle that marks the location from which some movement begins.

A particle that marks the cause of some human emotion.

(of quantity or number) a lot

Do something in advance for future convenience.

A phrase which expresses the speaker’s respect for someone when describing that person’s action or state

A phrase which humbly expresses the speaker’s politeness to someone when describing the speaker’s action or state that involves or affects that person.

Finish doing ~

A state or an action cannot be controlled by someone or something.

An auxiliary verb which indicates potential.

An auxiliary adjective which indicates that the preceding sentence is the speaker’s conjecture based on what he has heard, read or seen.

A suffix that makes a noun out of an adjective by attaching it to the stem of an Adj (い) or much less frequently to the stem of an Adj (な)

A suffix (originally meaning 'appearance') that indicates the speaker's/writer's politeness towards someone.

Cause someone/something to do something or cause something to change its state.

Some situation which seldom occurs has now occurred and one can either make use of it or, to one’s regret, cannot make use of it.

A conjunction to indicate ‘and’ in an emphatic way.

An infix attached to the stem of an adjective い to indicate something that one cannot objectively measure on any scale (e.g. human emotion).

A particle which marks an element X when nothing but X makes the expressed proposition true.

An auxiliary verb which indicates the completion of an action.

Someone gets information from some outside source.

An auxiliary which indicates that the information expressed by the preceding sentence is what the speaker heard.

An auxiliary adjective which indicates that what is expressed by the preceding sentence is the speaker’s conjecture concerning an event in the future or the present state of someone or something, based on what the speaker sees or feels.

A conjunction to indicate that what is stated in the preceding sentence is the reason or cause for what is stated in the following sentence.

If that is the case

A conjunction that indicates (1) temporally contiguous actions or states, or (2) a cumulative listing of objects, actions or states.

If that is the case,

A coordinate conjunction which connects two alternatives expressed by sentences.

A coordinate conjunction that connects two sentences.

Someone/something does something excessively or is in a state excessively.

Something or someone is what someone likes.

Small in number of quantity.

Someone/something causes a state or action to take place.

Someone or something has some (semi)permanent attribute.

Something is perceived by someone’s non-visual senses.

A verb that indicates how much something costs or a duration of time.

A coordinate conjunction which connects two sentences (the second sentence either describes an event which takes place right after the event described in the first sentence or it expresses a logical guess related to the event in the first sentence.)

An auxiliary adjective which expresses a desire to do something.

The speaker or whomever he empathises with cannot cope with a situation expressed by the て phrase.

A noun that indicates a benefit, a purpose, a reason or a cause.

A subordinate conjunction which indicates that the action/state expressed by the main clause in a sentence takes place after the action/state expressed by the subordinate clause.

A phrase which expresses a suggestion (literally: How would you feel if you do something?)

A phrase which expresses an inexhaustive listing of action or states.

Even if someone did something or something were in some state (the desired result would not come about) or even if someone or something is in some state.

The て form ending of verbs and い-type adjectives (The て form ending of な-type adjectives and the て form of the copula is で.)

ても is used when that which is expressed in the main clause is not what is expected from the content of the dependent (ても) clause.

A phrase which expresses persmission or concession.

A particle which lists things exhaustively.

A particle marking the noun phrase which maintains a reciprocal relationship with the subject of a clause.

A particle which marks a quotation, sound or the manner in which someone/something does something.

A subordinate conjunction which marks a condition that brings about an uncontrollable event or state.

An expression which presents as the topic of a following discourse a phrase which has just been uttered.

A phrase marking information which identifies or explains the noun following the phrase.

A conjunction that lists two or more items, actions or states as inexhaustive examples.

A dependent noun which indicates the time when someone/something will do/does/did something or the time when someone/something will be/is/was in some state.

A place is in a location which takes a certain amount of time to get to.

Someone/something is in the state where he/it is just about to do something, is doing something, has done something, or has been doing something.

A compound particle which indicates the capacity, role or function of someone or something.

A compound particle which indicates a standard for comparisons.

An intention or conviction of a speaker (or a person with whom the speaker can empathise) about his future or past actions or current state.

A colloquial topic-introducer.

A colloquial quotation marker.

During a period when a certain situation remains in effect.

A particle which marks a topic or a contrastive element.

A sentence final particle used in weak assertive or volitional sentences by a female speaker.

Someone or something is/was someone or something or is/was in some state, or will do/does/did something.

A construction which relates a non-controllable state of something or someone to a topic

A phrase which indicates prohibition.

Can figure out (spontaneously) various facts –such as content, nature, value, meaning, cause, reason, result– about something whose existence is presupposed.

The speaker's conclusion obtained through deductive, logical judgment or calculation on the basis of what he has heard or read.

A suffix attached to names of stores, inns and Japanese style restaurants or to persons engaged in certain occupations

A coordinate conjunction that is used to list two or more items (nouns or noun phrases) in an inexhaustive fashion.

An adverb indicating that the actual situation expectedly/anticipatively conforms to a standard based on past experience, comparison with other people, or common sense.

Something or someone is easy to ~.

An auxiliary な type adjective which expresses the likelihood of something/someone or the likeness of something/someone to something/someone.

Do something in such a way that ~.

An adverbial form of ようだ

Tell someone in such a way that he will do something.

Some change takes place gradually.

Someone causes some circumstantial or behavioural change to take place.

A particle which indicates that something/someone is being compared with something/someone.

A particle which indicates a set point in terms of space or time.

The speaker desires or decides to do something.

A particle that indicates equal distribution of quantity.

A conjunction which marks a cause that involves excessive action.

A structure indicating that something happens in proportion to the increase of extent/degree of action or state.

A compound particle/conjunction which is used to connect two nouns or two sentences, the first of which is something normally expected and the second of which is something normally unexpected.

An auxiliary which expresses the speaker's judgment that someone/something should do something or should be in some state.

A suffix which indicates the amount of something.

A conjunction that expresses something that is contrasted with what is expressed in the previous sentence.

A coordinate conjunction indicating that even if one accepts a premise expressed in the preceding sentence(s) one cannot jump to an expected conclusion from the premise.

A phrase which expresses the idea that just doing something is enough for something.

A suffix that indicates that something/someone is covered or filled with something undesirable.

A particle which indicates a basic quantity, for each of which certain amount is associated.

An auxiliary which indicates the writer's conjecture which is not based on any particular information or evidence.

A copula which is used in formal writing and formal speech.

A conjunction indicating that someone/something is very far from an expected state.

An adverb to indicate that one cannot make a definite statement about something due to lack of hard evidence.

A structure that indicates an exclamation about the degree to which an action or state takes/took place.

An adverb that indicates the speaker/writer's feeling that no matter what s/he does or how s/he does it, the situation will not change.

With an appearance/style/tone/manner of ~.

A suffix to express an undesirable tendency in someone or something.

An auxiliary adjective which expresses the idea that for someone to do something is virtually impossible or impossible.

An adverb to introduce an event which takes place contrary to one's expectation/intention, or an action or event which is converse to that stated in the preceding sentence or clause.

A particle which indicates the extent or the degree to which someone/something does something or is in some state.

A dependent noun which means "something/someone other than".

A conjunction indicating the speaker/writer's feeling that there should be a very strong logical/natural connection between wht precedes the conjunction and what follows it.

An adverb that indicates the speaker/writer's emotive conviction.

Verb forms which indicate commands or requests.

A structure used to describe two concurring, contrastive actions/states of someone or something.

A suffix which indicates the idea of "from the viewpoint of," "for the sake of," "for the reason," or "in terms of".

Contrary to one's expectation an opposite result comes about.

A conjunction which expresses the idea "as long as (a certain condition is met)" or "as long as (= to the extent)".

A suffix which expresses the idea of "(last) only until" or "limited".

A structure to mark two choices or possibilities about which the speaker/writer is not sure.

A sentence-final particle that indicates a self-addressed question or a question addressed to an in-group member.

An adverb that indicates that the proposition expressed in the sentence is not always true.

An auxiliary expressing that someone cannot do something even if s/he wants to do it.

A structure that expresses a wide range of things.

A structure that expresses coverage from one time/location into the other.

A conjunction which introduces the reason for someone's action or for someone's having some idea, and conveys disapproval of the action or idea.

An auxiliary indicating the writer's conjecture which is not based on any particular information or evidence.

A phrase to indicate a manner of doing something.

A conjunction to indicate the speaker's assertion that a popular belief is not right.

An action/state that is expressed in the subordinate clause is balanced by another action/state expressed in the main clause, or something/someone that is replaced by something/someone else.

A noun which expresses the idea "as a result of".

An adverb that indicates that something exceeds the speaker's and/or hearer's expectation to a considerable degree.

A demonstrative adjective which indicates a time or time period around the moment of speech.

A demonstrative which refers to someone or something mentioned as an example in previous discourse.

A particle which emphasizes a word, phrase, or clause.

An auxiliary noun to express a command.

A compound particle which indicates a means or a cause.

A phrase which indicates that an action or event leads to a certain situation or logical conclusion.

A phrase which is used to present an event as the cause of something.

A phrase which expresses the idea that there is no need to do something or that there is no possibility of doing something.

A continuative form of an い-type adjective.

A particle which is used to express the degree of a state.

A conjunction which expresses the speaker's contempt, anger, or disagreement about someone's action, behaviour, or state.

There is no point in going as far as to do something.

An auxiliary which expresses the speaker's negative volition or conjecture.

An adverb that indicates the speaker's strong belief that something is not expected to (have) become a reality.

A phrase indicating that although someone/something (or some situation) is not satisfactory it is better than someone/something else.

A conjunction which connects two choices or possibilities expressed by noun phrases or sentences.

A suffix which represents an ordinal number.

A suffix which forms a compound that means a side of X, or an aspect of X.

The speaker's strong determination to achieve something for others to see.

A particle which implies that something else is also (not) the case.

A structure which expresses the idea that a certain amount of something is sufficient to do something.

A structure which presents two states or actions of someone or something.

A dependent noun which is used to create a sentence structure which presents a characteristic of something.

An exclamatory sentential particle which is used in informal male speech.

A compound particle that indicates an approximate quote of words or ideas.

A disjunctive conjunction used normally in written Japanese with the meaning of 'although'.

A double negative phrase used to make a conditional affirmative statement.

An adverb used to indicate the speaker's feelings that something is impressive or his annoyance at slowness or difficulty in achieving something.

a continuative form of ない used in written Japanese (to indicate a reason/cause for what follows if ない is attached to Adjective (い/な) and contrast if it is attached to a Noun+Copula).

A phrase that indicates the speaker's uncertainty about something.

An adverb that indicates the speaker's emotive feeling about some extreme state of affairs.

A phrase that is used to express insurmountable psychological or physical feelings.

A phrase to indicate two representative choices/examples.

In a way/style that is proper to someone/something.

If something/someone is missing.

A phrase that indicates duty, obligation or necessity.

A sentence final particle that expresses the speaker's feeling of great regret or sympathy.

A compound particle that indicates occasion of doing something or of having done something in formal Japanese.

Contrary to or in contrast to.

A phrase that is used to indicate that an action/state mentioned in the topic phrase or clause is nothing but something.

Not limiting something to ~.

A compound particle to show that only X is different from others.

Related to.

A compound particle to express replacement or substitution of a regular person/thing by someone/something.

If we compare (it) with/to; comparing (it) with.

Without any relation to a preceding event/situation.

With something as a basis.

A phrase that expresses the time when an uncontrollable state or a habitual action occurs.

A compound particle which indicates the place of an action/event, a state or time.

Something spontaneously and gradually occurs in accordance with some change.

Something or someone is nothing more than what is stated in terms of amount, degree, status, significance, etc.

Regarding something/someone one opposes, compares, or shows interest in regarding something/someone one opposes, compares or shows interest in.

From the standpoint of; so far as someone (or something) is concerned.

Concerning something/someone.

A compound particle which expresses a rate or ratio.

A phrase used to indicate that a change occurs in accordance with another simultaneous change.

A conjunction/compound particle to indicate a purpose for doing something.

A particle that indicates means, cause, agent of passive sentence, or dependency on a situation.

A phrase indicating that something takes place or does not take place because of something.

Things of/about.

Because it is a matter of X with which/whom something is habitually the case.

A particle which expresses a limit imposed upon an action, event, or a state.

Under some object; under the control or influence of someone or something.

As far as ~ is concerned.

A structure which focuses on a time when something takes place.

An archaic auxiliary that indicates negation.

A phrase which expresses the speaker's respect for someone when describing that person's action or state.

A phrase that is used to give a primary example.

A phrase which expresses a highly polite request.

A verb that indicates what the speaker/writer feels spontaneously or his/her hesitation about asserting himself/herself.

Vます of the auxiliary verb おる.

A compound particle that is used to indicate a medium through which something is done or time through which something takes place.

An auxiliary which expresses the idea that someone or something keeps doing something, or someone leaves something in an improper state.

A suffix that indicates someone/something has some distinctive characteristic or an attribute identified by a noun, an adjective, or a verb to which the suffix is attached.

During a certain amount of time (something has continued up until the moment of speech or something has never been like the current state).

A phrase which signals that the referent of the following noun phrase is definite and that the speaker expects the hearer to understand what the referent is.

A question which functions as a forceful statement with no expected response.

A structure that is used to indicate that something animate does not or cannot do something satisfactorily/sufficiently/properly.

A sentence final particle used in highly informal speech by male speakers to express different degrees of assertion ranging from a light touch comment up to opposition or imposition.

An emphatic particle which expresses the idea of "even" in non-conditional clauses (or sentences) or the idea of "only" in conditional clauses.

On the special occasion of/when.

An adverb that expresses the speaker's/writer's strong feeling that something has turned out as s/he expected.

A dependent noun expressing a cause which brings about an undesirable result.

An adverb that indicates the speaker/writer's minimally satisfactory level.

A conjunction/noun to express that an action indicated by a preceding verb or an action implied by a preceding noun is a prerequisite for another action.

A conjunction which is used to provide additional important information.

A conjunction that is used to indicate that a result/situation follows necessarily from the foregoing situation.

A structure which expresses that the speaker/writer cannot easily accept the corollary from the preceding statement owing to some circumstances, although he feels like accepting it

A conjunction which connects a situation presented as a reason and an action taken because of that situation

A conjunction which connects an event and an action taken at the time of the event

A conjunction used to indicate that in spite of the negative situation mentioned in the previous part of the sentence/discourse some positive effort is made.

A phrase expressing that something almost happens.

A conjunction which introduces an additional, emphatic statement.

In spite of the circumstance expressed in the preceding sentence.

A conjunction that is used to indicate that the level/degree of a fact or a situation expressed in the second sentence is far above or below the level/degree of a fact or a situation expressed in the first sentence.

An interjection which signals that the speaker is going to provide an unexpected response to a question.

A conjunction which is used to add more specific information to information about a rather uncommon action or state.

A conjunction which introduces an additional item or statement.

A conjunction which introduces an additional item or statement.

An interjection which is used when the speaker emphatically provides an expected response to a question.

Each of two or more things/persons.

Without having much temporal or physical distance.

A conjunction to express that each time someone/something does something, something else takes place.

An adverb which emphasizes the idea of "only".

Not deserving to be mentioned.

A structure which expresses the idea "indeed ~ but".

Even if an action or a state were realised.

After/since a point in time at which something takes place.

A phrase which expresses the idea that someone does something or something happens only after something else happens or something else is done.

A noun which expresses the idea of "a point of argument; a point of evaluation; a point of view".

A conjunction which presents an action/state as a topic about which a negative comment is given.

A particle which makes an adverbial clause, with a verb of saying/thinking/understood after it.

A phrase which is used to express the idea that someone does something or something takes place at the same time as another action or event, or that someone or something is in two states simultaneously.

A phrase which is used to clarify a statement in the preceding discourse which might be misleading.

A phrase which expresses a manner or a way in which someone does something.

A phrase which changes a sentence into a topic noun clause.

A conjunction to indicate that an action/state takes place quite contrary to one's expectation.

A structure which is used in interpreting, explaining, or defining a word, a phrase, or a sentence.

A phrase which is used when something which someone has mentioned causes an involuntary response.

A phrase that is used to indicate more accurate characterisation of someone or something.

A conjunction that is used to give an uncertain reason for something.

A dependent noun which is used to express the idea that when someone did something, something took place as the result.

A conjunction which is used to present what in fact happened or what is in fact the case when something else was/is expected.

A conjunction in written Japanese that is used to express a concession.

A phrase which expresses the idea that someone or something becomes something.

A phrase which expresses the idea "when it comes to" or "if it is true that".

A dependent noun which expresses the idea that someone does something or something takes place in the same way as something else.

A phrase indicating that someone assumes something.

To have a sensory or psychological experience.

A noun/adverb which expresses the idea that 'something occurred the moment someone did something or something took place'.

An adverb that is used to express the eventual arrival of an expected situation.

A phrase which is used to express the idea that A and B share a common property or do the same thing together, that two things take place at the same time, or that someone or something possesses two properties.

A phrase which expresses the idea "not necessarily".

An adverb that is used to summarise or rephrase what has been mentioned/stated in the preceding context.

(1) an auxiliary which expresses an action in progress; (2) a conjunction which is used to present two concurrent actions.

A compound particle that is used to express a preparatory action for a relatively important action.

A conjunction which introduces an additional, emphatic statement.

An auxiliary verb that expresses possibility.

A continuative form of a verb which means "V and...".

Vます used as a regular noun.

A particle which emphatically affirms or negates the proposition represented by the preceding verbal and other related elements.

An adverbial phrase that conveys the meaning of 'not to speak of something/someone'.

A phrase which presents a fact or truth known to the hearer as an introduction to a following statement, or which gives emphasis to a fact or truth which the hearer might not know.

A phrase which is used to deny what is implied in the previous or following statement.

A phrase which negates the existence of a reason to believe that someone does something or is in some state, or that something takes place; or which negates a possibility of someone's doing something or being in some state, or something's taking place.

A phrase which is used to indicate that one cannot do something due to an external circumstance.

To cause something/someone to move to a place or to do/eat/drink something.

An auxiliary verb which expresses the idea that someone does something undesirable to someone else when he/she knows his/her action will cause hardship or trouble.

An adverb to indicate that something desirable has been finally achieved or will be eventually achieved though with great difficulty.

A noun forming suffix which means a way (of doing something).

An auxiliary verb that expresses the writer's conjecture about some potentiality or his certainty about a given state of affairs.

An adverb which forms the comparative of an adjective or an adverb to mean 'more ~ than now or than otherwise'.

An auxiliary indicating that there is no other choice but to do something.

A sentence final particle that emphasises a male speaker's emotion about something in his monologue or his strong desire to draw someone else's attention.

An adverb that expresses the speaker's/writer's desire or will to dare to do something in spite of difficulty, danger or opposition.

An adverb/conjunction indicating that one spends an extended period of time before reaching a result.

An adverb that represents the idea of "to the utmost degree".

A structure that indicates that something is not necessarily the way the speaker/writer thought.

A conjunction that marks alternatives

An adverb used to present a counter-factual statement emphatically

A conjunction indicating that a single factor causes a negative situation.

A conjunction that emphasizes a reason

An auxiliary verb that indicates a strong prohibition.

The verb modification form of the auxiliary bekida, which is used to indicate a purpose or aim.

A phrase meaning “it is impossible to do something”

A phrase used when something occurs/occured exactly as expected

A conjunction to indicate that what follows is additional information related to the previously stated main theme

A particle meaning “to the extent that someone (can/wants to) do something or something can happen”.

A phrase that means “and as one would expect” or “for good reason”.

A phrase that carries the idea “as one would expect”.

A phrase expressing an evaluative comment regarding how something is contributing to an expected, remarkable result.

A particle indicating that something expressed by the preceding verb alone produces a certain feeling or the meaning “(not) even doing something; doesn’t even occur”.

A conjunction that lists nouns/quotes inexhaustively.

A conjunction that indicates a reason.

A particle meaning “too” or “even”.

A conjunctive phrase that expresses the idea of concession.

A structure that means “no matter which one is the case”

A phrase expressing the speaker’s belief that someone’s action is based on mistaken identity of himself/herself and also expressing the speaker’s critical comments about someone’s behaviour.

A structure indicating that what is expressed in the main/subordinate clause is applicable to anyone, anything, any place or any time.

A phrase indicating that the speaker/writer chooses one alternative over another in a tentative way.

An adverb indicating a polite yet very strong request.

A phrase indicating that an action/state is simply impossible due to an adverse situation.

A conjunction that indicates concession based on an actual state or action.

A structure indicating that no matter how hard someone may try, something is impossible.

A suffix that adds the meaning of “the same things/people”.

A conjunction indicating that as soon as something happens, something else happens.

A structure presenting a counterfactual situation which indicates that things would be better if something were really good or appropriate.

An auxiliary adjective that indicates a resemblance of something/someone to something/someone or indicates how something/someone appears to speaker/writer.

A conjunction used to contrast the positive and negative sides of something/someone.

An adverb indicating that something occurred as the writer expected, or expressing in a concession clause the writer’s strong doubt.

An adverb indicating that something is perceived to eventually lead to a significant result.

A structure that means “not a single one".

An adverb used when the speaker intends to do something, or asks someone a favour, or makes a suggestion or gives advice to someone.

An adverb meaning “partly” in a context where someone gives one or two objectives, benefits, examples or reasons for something.

An adverb indicating that an action or state is only temporary or tentative or is superficially conceived.

A classic form of the adverb どのように “in what way”.

A noun modifier that means either “what kind of” or “no matter what”.

An adverb meaning “how”.

A Wh-word that asks about the amount of something.

An adverb indicating that someone feels that it is too late to do something.

A phrase indicating that “something happens continuously” or “someone does something repeatedly”.

A conjunction used to present two concurrent actions/events/states or contrastive situations.

An adverb meaning “since”

A structure that means “not at all”.

An adverb meaning “once” or “for a short time”.

A phrase signalling a comparison (including the use of simile and metaphor), a definition, or an explanation.

A phrase indicating that what the speaker/writer expresses is generally known but that he/she presents it as a reminder.

An adverb that means “if I were to say it some way (or a different way)”.

A noun modifier that means “known generally by this term”.

A dependent noun that is used to emphasize the referent of the preceding noun.

A phrase that indicates the extreme degree of the speaker’s/writer’s emotion — happiness, sorrow, envy, shame or loneliness, among others

A dependent noun that means something is worth someone’s effort.

A conjunctive phrase indicating that the speaker/writer is wondering whether something is the case or not.

An interjection that expresses deep felt emotion.

A conjunctive phrase that forms an adverbial clause which describes the way someone/something appears to the writer, contrary to reality.

A phrase that means either “in terms of” or “judging from”.

A phrase indicating that something consists of more than one member/constituent.

A subordinate conjunction meaning “now that,” “once someone does / has done something” or “so long as”.

A phrase that singles out something for emphasis or presents something as a basis for judgment.

An adverb that indicates the speaker’s/writer’s tentative supposition.

A phrase indicating that an action or state in the dependent clause occurs very closely with another action or state in the clause, or causes another action or state in the main clause.

A conjunction meaning “and” that connects words, phrases and sentences.

A phrase indicating that someone or something has an undesirable tendency.

A conjunction indicating that since something occurred, nothing has happened and the resultant situation remains unchanged; a particle indicating a strict limitation in terms of number/quantity.

A colloquial sentence final particle marking a question.

A phrase that indicates that something or someone is in an extreme state.

A sentence final, exclamatory phrase used in written language.

A phrase that expresses a reason or a cause.

A phrase that expresses the speaker’s/ writer’s emotion or subjective judgment.

A conjunction that means “in addition to what has just been mentioned”.

A phrase indicating someone’s decision to cope with a negative situation, or a simple, straight forward reason for his/her action.

An adverb expressing the idea that because one statement is true, the subsequent statement is naturally true.

An adverb/conjunction that indicates repetition or addition.

A structure that indicates extremely low frequency.

A phrase indicating that something can be (obviously) recognized through visual cues.

A structure used to present typical examples of actions, events, situations, people, or things among a number of possibilities.

A sentence-final phrase indicating that one shouldn’t do something, one could not possibly do something, or one naturally cannot do something.

A rhetorical question marker that expresses a strong negative intention or disagreement.

A phrase indicating that the speaker wants to do something or is wondering what one he/she should choose.

A conjunction indicating that the preceding clause presents a hypothetical situation that is unlikely to become a reality.

A conjunction that means “although”.

A disjunctive coordinate conjunction expressing the meaning of “although” with the speaker’s strong feeling of discontent

A phrase used to mention something important and then introduce something more significant.

A conjunction to disjunctively connect two items or ideas.

A conjunction used to add a comment indicating that what the speaker/writer has just expressed is not sufficient.

A suffix that adds the meaning of “aimed at”

An adverb that indicates one of two things/people/characteristics has been chosen rather than the other to express speaker’s/writer’s desire, preference or judgment.

A phrase that indicates the speaker/writer hesitantly feels or expresses that something is the case.

A phrase that means “if something has not taken place, something else won’t/can’t take place”.

An adverbial phrase expressing the speaker’s feeling that although an ideal action or state isn’t possible, at least the next best action or state is or should be available.

A particle that presents two possible choices or the minimum and maximum possible numbers/lengths/weights/etc. of something; or a conjunction that links two possible actions or events.

A phrase that specifies space or time in/through which someone/something does something.

A compound particle meaning “without something”.

An adverb indicating that something (including an action/state) has a positive value which hasn’t been reached, causing something negative.

A noun suffix that adds the meaning “to match”.

A phrase that indicates there is a large number of things, people, etc.

A structure indicating that something doesn't exist at all.

A structure indicating that an action is taken for no good reason.

A phrase used to indicate that the exact nature of something represented by the noun cannot be specified.

A structure that is used to express a strong negative statement.

A phrase used as the colloquial version of なんと.

A colloquial particle used to express a strong feeling such as astonishment, incredulousness, envy, disdain, dislike, happiness, etc.

An adverb expressing that someone somehow does something, or something somehow occurs.

An adverb that indicates that an action or state is still going on or the degree of something increases; a conjunction indicating that an additional comment follows what has just been said in the preceding sentence.

An adverb indicating that the degree of something increases due to an additional circumstance.

A phrase indicating something is “impossible if it’s not X”.

A conjunction used to combine two nouns or noun phrases.

A conjunction meaning “soon after”.

An adverb indicating that the speaker/writer affirms the correctness of something he/she has heard/read/observed.

An adverbial phrase meaning “without (doing) something”.

A verb that means “to cause something to happen”

An adverb indicating that the speaker/writer doesn’t know the cause of/reason for something

A structure used to introduce a reason for the statement in the preceding sentence.

An adverbial phrase that is used when a situation looks as if someone were about to do something or as if something were about to occur literally or figuratively.

A verb that expresses a polite request.

A phrase that indicates a sharp contrast.

A compound particle that indicates an extreme example.

A compound particle that means “regardless of”

A compound particle that marks something in which someone excels or has confidence.

A phrase that indicates that it is not hard to imagine or guess a situation.

A phrase indicating the speaker’s/writer’s strong conviction or motivation.

A phrase used to indicate that a state or action is more desirable.

A phrase that is used when something or some situation is perceived to be special.

A compound particle that indicates the destination/direction of movement, the target/direction of an action, or the goal/purpose of an action.

A sentence structure meaning “someone cannot manage to do something”

A phrase that means something unusual happens or someone does something unusual.

A compound particle that means “in response to”.

A conjunctive phrase that carries the meaning of concession.

A compound particle that means “even” or “also”.

A compound particle that indicates a period of time/stage (in life) at which some surprising action or state takes place.

A conjunction meaning “and” that is used to combine two noun phrases or な-adjectives.

A compound particle indicating that something unexpected occurs.

A conjunction that represents the idea of “even if someone decides to do something,” or “even if/though someone decides that something is true/the case”.

A phrase indicating that something goes beyond a spatial/temporal boundary.

A conjunction indicating that each time someone perceives something he/she feels or thinks something associated with it.

A compound particle indicating that something takes place over a particular span of time or physical space.

A compound particle that means “without depending on”.

A compound particle that is used to identify the source of information provided in the sentence.

A phrase that is used in formal writing to mean “not only”.

A phrase to emphasize that something/someone is/was in an extreme state or that someone does/did something to a great extent

A phrase that indicates a state where something is lacking.

A structure that states what is said by someone in order to express the speaker’s disagreement or dissatisfaction.

A phrase meaning for “someone to try to do something” or for “something to be about to occur”.

A phrase that means “with something/someone at the centre”.

A compound particle that introduces a medium through which someone does something or something happens to someone or something.

A phrase that is used when one cannot control emotions or reactions caused by emotions.

A compound particle meaning “concerning; over”, which is used with an issue over which different opinions, ideas, etc., are expressed or exchanged.

An adverb that indicates feelings of nostalgia or regret when recollecting one’s past experiences.

A phrase indicating that someone does something bravely/fearlessly in spite of unfavourable circumstances.

A phrase indicating that the subsequent statement is the speaker’s/writer’s personal view.

A phrase that means “there is nothing else besides X”.

A noun indicating special/uncommon and primarily desirable occasions which someone takes advantage of, or where someone is expected to do something or where something desirable takes place.

A phrase that means “it is feared (that)"

A compound particle that means “without questioning”.

A particle that connects two nouns or noun phrases.

An adverb representing the ideas “all; totally; mostly; approximately”.

A compound particle that expresses someone’s indifference to warnings, criticism, advice, accusations, opposition, anxiety, wishes, eagerness, provocative actions, etc.

An adverb meaning “truly,” used when describing the way someone’s action or behaviour appears.

An adverb/conjunction that represents the idea of “additionally” or “further”.

An interjection indicating that the speaker/writer is going to talk about something different.

An adverb that is used when the speaker thinks that someone or something is in an extreme state.

A sentence-modifying adverb used when the speaker/writer comments on or questions a fundamental point.

A phrase used to refer strictly to the preceding noun (phrase) or adjective.

An adverbial phrase indicating that the degree of something is proportionate to the degree of the state, action or event mentioned in the preceding sentence.

A phrase representing the idea that someone/something does something or is in a state in his/her/its own way, or in a way suitable to the situation or generally expected from the situation.

A noun that indicates the end of a period or the time after long, hard mental or physical work.

A verb that means “to be finished; to do (in the sense of being enough)”.

A conjunction that introduces a supplementary remark.

A conjunction indicating that there is a condition, restriction, proviso, etc., to the preceding statement.

A noun modifier used when the speaker thinks little of the referent of the modified noun or noun phrase.

A conjunction indicating that a situation or condition remains unaltered.

A phrase that indicates the smallest amount, number or unit of something (or people) involved.

An adverb that means “simply”

A compound particle used to present a subtopic about which the writer provides surprising or impressive information.

The informal form of ても.

The contracted form of と言っても or としても.

A phrase representing the idea that someone cannot just keep doing something or waste time being consumed by some emotion.

A structure meaning “even if someone does something repeatedly”.

A phrase that represents emotions the speaker/writer cannot control or sensations/situations he/she cannot bear.

A phrase that is used when someone cannot be doing something or be in some state due to a given situation.

A phrase that introduces a reason when the speaker/writer considers it natural that someone does something or is in some state, or that something takes place for that reason.

A conditional phrase that indirectly presents a factual situation as a reason.

A phrase that indicates that someone does something in order to convey something or in such a way that someone is convinced that something is the case.

A phrase that introduces a noun (or noun phrase) to describe the nature of someone or something.

A conjunction that expresses the idea of “even (though)”.

A structure that introduces multiple perspectives when describing a person or a thing.

A compound particle that introduces examples.

A phrase the speaker/writer uses to explain something in a brief/rough manner.

A conjunction used at the beginning of a sentence to convey the idea of “however”.

A phrase used to restate what was just said in order to be more accurate or appropriate.

A phrase that introduces the reason for what has just been said.

A structure indicating that something is the case not only for A and B but also for many other places, things, etc., of X, to which A and B belong

A phrase that introduces the origins of names, theories, ideas and events.

A phrase indicating that the subject does something without paying much attention, or that when, where, to whom, etc., something took place is unclear.

A phrase that expresses the idea that something is likely to take place.

A phrase that presents the content of the referent of the following noun (e.g., a report, notice, news, view).

A structure that is used to deny emphatically the ability of someone/something or possibility of an event, state or action

A compound particle marking an event, action or state that the speaker/writer does not expect and that causes him/her to feel some emotion

A conjunctive phrase meaning “although it is said that”

An adverb used to describe someone doing something without being able to control himself/herself or used to indicate the closeness of a time or a place.

A phrase used to express the idea that someone does a second thing at the same time as the first because it takes less time or effort.

A sentence-initial conjunction that means “with regard to this,” referring to what is stated in the preceding sentence.

A phrase used to express a strong sensation or emotion.

A phrase expressing the idea “even though there is something”

A phrase used to present an exception or an issue the speaker/writer does not intend to cover as part of a larger statement.

A phrase that conveys the meaning “even if I/we accept something, something else is not acceptable”.

A phrase that is used when something is not only true with one thing or person, but also with another thing or person that is less expected or understandable.

A phrase that expresses the idea that something is not in proportion to what one would normally expect.

A structure that emphatically presents actions, events or states as examples or reasons, or indicates that someone does something or something happens to a great extent.

A conjunction that expresses the idea that something happened or someone did something immediately following another event or action.

A sentence-final particle that marks a self-addressed question.

A structure to present things, events, actions, etc., as examples, reasons or possibilities.

A conjunction that presents an undesirable situation, which is assumed to be factual.

A conjunctive phrase that presents　an undesirable hypothetical situation.

A conjunctive phrase that indicates concession: “even though someone tries to do something, he/she cannot do it for some reason”.

A phrase that conveys the idea that there is no other choice than to do something, or that something is true of only one of a select few things.

A dependent noun that marks the content of what the writer has learned.

A conjunctive phrase that expresses the idea of concession.

A conjunction that presents a reason or a cause.

A phrase that expresses the idea that someone/something necessarily or naturally causes something to happen.

A phrase meaning “without doing something”.

A conjunctive phrase that indicates negative concession: “even if ~ not”.